An Updated Review on Herbal Drug in Wound Healing

 

Seema Singh,  Rajendra Jangde*, S. J. Daharwal

University Department of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India (492010)

 

ABSTRACT:

The herbal drugs have natural active compound, nutrients they may be helpful to care and treatment of wound and other human health. The number of herbal plants has been used for the treatment and management of wound over the year. Wound healing is a process of restoring normal cellular structure, function of damaged tissue. Healing is a natural phenomenon; in which the body overcome the damaged surface or tissue and they may recover the damaged part of living tissue, but this phenomena healing rate of wound is very slow and many chance of infection in wound by microbes and its several risks to body. Hence to improve the healing phenomenon and shorter the duration of recovery of the damaged tissue. In India there are many plants used traditionally to cure the wound and the human health. The present review highlights some herbal and medicinal plant with their active compound, which are scientifically used to treatment of cut, burn, or wound as a healer.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Bioactive compounds are phytochemicals present in food that assistance to adjusting metabolic process and furthermore promote the better health of human and animal. Bioactive compound includes carotenoid, essential oil, antioxidant or flavors widely incorporated into food products. These products are enhancing their sensory properties to develop their nutritional and health properties [1]. The word "Bioactive" is composed by two words" Bio and active". Bios (in Greek ßio) refer life and Active (in latin) means dynamic, full of energy, with energy or involve an activity. Bioactive compounds are defined as component of food that influences physiological or cellular activities in the animal or human that consumes them [2].

 

Wound may be defined as a disruption of the cellular and anatomic continuity of tissue with or without microbial infection and may be produced due to any accident or cut with sharp edged things.  Wound healing is a process of restoring normal structural function of damaged tissue.

 

Healing is a phenomenon by which body itself overcome the damaged to tissue, healing rate is very slow and chance of microbial infection is high. Wound care and maintenance involve a number of measure including dressing and administration of painkillers, use of anti-inflammatory agent, topical and system antimicrobial agent and healing agent [3].

 

PHYSIOLOGY OF WOUND HEALING

The process of healing which restore normal structure and function involve two different processes

1. Regeneration

2. Repair             

1. Regeneration: Proliferation of parenchyma cells which results incomplete restoration of original tissue involve:

     i.        Proliferation of original cells from the margin of injury with migration so as to cover the gap.

    ii.        Proliferation of migrated cells with subsequent differentiation and maturation so as reconstitute the original tissue.

2. Repair: Two process of repair are as under:

     i.        Granulation tissue information: In this process after inflammation, cleaning of debris, in growth of granular tissue take place (formation of new blood vessels by proliferation of endothelial cells).

    ii.        Contraction of wound: Contracted wound heals rapidly as less surface area is there contraction involves activities like dehydration, contraction of collagen.

Steps involve in wound healing:

1.    Primary union of wound: This is seen when wound is characterized by small, clean and uninfected condition without much loss of cells. It includes following steps:

(a) Haemorrhage

(b) Inflammation

(c) Proliferation and migration of basal cells of epidermis towards incision

(d) Fibroblast and new collagen fibers invasion

2.    Secondary union of wound: Characters of secondary union include open with large tissue defect having excessive loss of cells and tissue [4].

Pharmacological activity of herbal supporting wound healing is:

a)    Anti-inflammatory [reduce the inflammation]

b)   Antioxidant activity [control the oxidation, pus formation]

c)    Antimicrobial activity [control the microbial infection and other contaminated factor]

d)   Analgesic activity [relaxation from pain sense] [5].

 

COMMONLY USED PLANT AND THEIR ACTIVE CONSTITUENT USED IN INDIA AS WOUND HEALING:

1.    ALOE: Aloe vera is very commonly used plant, vernacular names are kumari, gvar bhata, Gheekunvar, belonging to family Liliaceae, its herbal source Aloe barbadensispla. Aloe leave contain gel like sticky material, bitter in taste, plant grow in poor grades of solid and in dry climatic condition. It belongs to class of glycoside and have active constituent barbaloin, aloesoin, aleotic acid[6]. The working mechanism of aloe for wound healing is to enhancing collages turnover rate and increase the lysyi oxidase and protect the skin. Its use in fast healing of wound, many of the skin diseases like minor burn, cut sunburn and itching and rashes  Sometimes used as analgesic for headache. Its market product is aloe vera gel, and many ointments [7].

2.    AMLA:  Amla commonly known as amala or embolic Myrobalan. Vernacular name of this plant are amlika, anvala, pachak multhi. It is one part of triphala used in Indian tradition to cure the health benefit and treat the several disease in ayurveda. The biological source of the plant is Emblica officinalis L.  It belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. The active constituent present in the plants are ascorbic acid (Vit. C), gallic acid and ellagic acid. It is used as antimicrobial and antifungal property (acidic nature) support the healing of wound and protect from infection [8-10].                                                 

3.    BLACK CATECHU: It is commonly known as Acacia catechu, tannins class of plant belonging to family Leguminosae. Its venracular name  is catechu , khair , kattha , khadir. The leaves, gum, fruit of black catechu contains tannin and flavonoids , catechutannic acid, catechine. The antiinflammatory and antifungal property support the wound healing [11-13].

4.    BAEL: It is commonly known as bel, carbohydrate class of plant, obtained from Aegle marmelon Corr. belonging to family Rutaceae containing  marmelosion, marmesin, umbelliferon. It is used as anti-inflammatory and wound healer [14-16]

5.    BANANA: It is obtained from Musa paradisicais belonging to family Musaceae. The fruit, flower, stem and leaves are used. It is glycoside class of plant containing  albuminoid, sitoindoside, glycoside, vitamin A, B and C.

6.    CARROT: It is commonly known as Gajar. The leave and the stem of Daucas carota L. belonging to family Apiacea. It is a tannin class of plant containing flavonoid and tannin , used as an antimicrobial and antiseptic [17] .

7.    CUMMIN: It is commonly known as jira, obtained from Cuminum cyminum Linn. belonging to family Umbelliferae, leave and fruit parts are used. It belongs to the terpenoid class of plant. It contains Cuminic alcohol, hydrated cuminaldehyde hydro-cuminine. It is used as wound healer, anti inflammatory. Its marketed product is Jira oil [18-19].

8.    EUCALYPTUS: It is commonly known as lemon gum tree or nilgiri , oil obtained from fresh bark and  leave of Eucalyptum globules belonging to family Myrtaceae. It contains pinene Eucalyptol, ronellal camphene, and phellandrene, citronellal geranyl acetate. It is used for burns, blisters, herpes, cuts, wounds, skin infections and insect bite, colds, flu and measles, irritant, anantiseptic, and expectorant. The marketed product are Eucalyptus oil , pinantak tel [20].

9.    GINGER: It is commonly known as adarak, sonth, soonth, sonti. It is obtained from Zingiber officinale, belonging to family Zingberacea. The leaves and rhizomes are used. It is a terpenoid class of plant containing Gingerols, gingeridiols, hydrocarbon, zingiberene. It is used as antifungal, anti-inflammatory [21-23] .

10. JASMINE: It is commonly known as mongara, ratrani. It is obtained from Jasminum auriculatum belonging to family Oleaceae. Leave and flower containing Cuminni, beyulinic acid, myricetin, Astregalioll. It is used as wound, migraine, skin infection, insomnia, labor pain. Its marketed product is Jasmine oil [24].

11. LOTUS: It is commonly known as kamal, kumudani, Nelumba nucifera belonging to family Nymphacaceae. Flavonoid class of plant Rhizome, leave of lotus is useful. It contain Ascorbic acid, vit.C and B , Ca , P, Iron . It is used as wound healer [25].

12. NEEM: It is commonly known as margose. It is obtained from Azadirachta indica belonging to family Meliaceae. It contains sugiol, nimbiol, limonoid, nimbidinine, nimbendiol and maliantriol. Its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory property used in wound healing. Neem oil and neem soap are market product [26-27].

13. PEEPAL: It is commonly known as pipal and other names are papal, pipari, pipper, piparri. The plant part used are bark, leave, fruit, seed, latex. It is obtained from Ficus religiosa belonging to family Moaceae. It contains Sterols, tannins, coumarins, amino acid, hydrocarbons. It is used as diarrhea, diabetes, epilepsy, inflammatory disorders, and gastric problem sexual and infectious disorders. Its marketed product is Piper oil [28-30].

14. TULSI:  It is known as Krishna tulsi and bramha Tulsi. It has very important place in Indian traditional, also called mata tulsi by Indians. Whole plant of tulsi medicinally useful, scientifically proved that the plant of ocimum is one of health beneficial and environment favourable plant. It has important role in Ayurveda. It belongs to family Labiatae and contain eugenol , methyl ether caryophyllin ,saponin ,vitamin  C. Its anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory property used in wound healing[31] .

15. TURMARIC: It is commonly known as Indian saffron, haldi, curcuma. It is fresh or dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa belonging to Zingiberaceae that contain curcuminoid, curcumin, camphor, oleo resin. The anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory property of turmeric used as an antiseptic, other use of turmeric anti-cancer drug and colouring agent [32-35].  

 

 

 

 

TABLE 1 : HERBAL PLANT USED IN WOUND HEALING

              

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CONCULSION: 

A wound comes accidently in our life and inescapable and that may arise due to physical injuries that result in an opening or break of skin. Wound healing is a process of filling up of gaps and maintains the anatomical structure and function. Tissue regeneration is the part of wound healing through which it restores the integrity of tissue layers. Wound healing is a continuous and delayed process due to deficiency of vitamins and nutrients. Bioactive plant and herbal plant support the healing process and prevent the microbial infection by their plant activity such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and analgesic property. They are also beneficial to human health . Over the years we used the herbal as medicine, they plant have active ingredient which support the new cell and tissue layer formation and form new skin of the surface of wound. There are certain properties of plant, some of them are harmful to human health but most of them are beneficial to animal and human health. Vitamin E, Vitamin A and Vitamin C are help in wound healing. The herbal have both property acidic and alkali . The acid property support the wound healing by act on the microbes colony , destroy the microbes  and reduce the chances of infection ,than the wound may be quickly recover and wound healing  may be fast . Bioactive compounds contain chemicals that are found in small quantity in nature (in plant)and in certain foods like fruit,  vegetable, nut oil etc. They promote the body and create well health benefit. Bioactive compounds in plant can be defined as secondary plant metabolite eliciting pharmacological or toxicological effect human and animal.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The authors are thankful to Director, University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, for providing necessary infrastructure. The authors would like to thank and acknowledge Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) EEQ/2017/000294   Dated 27 November 2017 for providing financial support for this work.

 

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Received on 11.11.2018          Modified on 19.12.2018

Accepted on 10.02.2019        © RJPT All right reserved